What is Affirmative Action All About?

He sees assentient work on as reinforcing in existity by placing snowy society in the dapple of gift-giver and black society in the subordinate position of receiver of gifts, stating that assentient serve has done more mischievously than good for blacks so that blacks stand to lose more than they keister gain ("Affirmative operation hurts minorities" 436). Steele sees affirmative work on in and of itself as a chopineme with good intentions such that the program itself undermines those intentions so that the intention can never be fulfilled. He says that the problem is that affirmative go through tries to function as if it were a social program. We demand more than that the program assure equal opportunity--we ask that it create parity between the races. Preferential treatment, however, does non teach skills, education, or instill motivation ("Affirmative activeness hurts minorities" 440). For Steele, the result can never be differentwise minded(p) the nature of affirmative action.

A related charge by critics is that affirmative action raises doubts about the legitimacy of the achievements of beneficiaries, not still in the minds of white males just now also in the minds of blacks, women, and other beneficiaries themselves. One example of this is the message critics see affirmative action as sending to young blacks who once thought they had to be twice as good as a white to get half as far. Now, they may believe they do not produce to make the effort because they have affirmative ac

Clinton, Bill. "Clinton: Mend, Don't End, Affirmative Action." CQ (July 22, 1995), 2206-2207.

In approximately areas, the situation is particularly poor. The battle in calcium has been inclose by those opposing affirmative action as a case of restoring fairness. Black entrepreneurs in California fear that they go out not be able to continue to exist if California outlaws affirmative action in next year's election. The claims that affirmative action has been unfair to whites does not ring true given that the program in California has failed to meet even modest lasts, marrow not that many blacks are being helped, certainly not so many as to be taking places from whites ("The well-fixed State War" 134).

In a city exchangeable Los Angeles, blacks have been excluded from all types of employment opportunity ("The L.A. Reality" 143-144).

Advances have been made, of course. In 1989, nearly 5 percent of all managers were black, and this was a fivefold enlarge since 1966 and a 30 percent increase since 1978. At the same time, nearly 97 percent of fourth-year executives in the biggest U.S. companies are white. Blacks make up 12.7 percent of the private-sector workforce, but only 5 percent of all professionals are black. A number of reasons are noted for this, including the longstanding old-boy network in business and a slowing of progress through affirmative action ("Race in the Workplace" 53-54).

Steele, S. "Affirmative action hurts minorities." In Racism in America: Opposing Viewpoints, D.L. carouse and B. Leone (San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1991). 135-138.

Other critics of these programs accept that they were once necessary but check that they no longer are. They believe that while affirmative action may have been a good idea and a necessary action to redress past grievances, it has accomplished its goal and should be abandoned because now it is becoming counter-productive. This idea is show in Congress, as when Jesse Helms asked on the Senate floor in shew 1995, "I
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